Feldspar minerals are a major component of igneous rocks. Feldspars are aluminosilicate minerals with varying amounts of potassium, sodium and calcium. The feldspar minerals include orthoclase, albite, anorthite and celsian.

The alkali feldspars are used in the manufacture of porcelain and pottery fibreglass, glazes, and opalescent glass.

The most economically viable deposits of feldspar occur in the Broken Hill region of NSW. Feldspar and feldspathic materials are principally used as a source of alumina and alkalis in glassmaking and the ceramic industry, with sodium-rich feldspar being preferred for glassmaking and potassium-rich feldspar for ceramic manufacture. Due to the availability of cheaper, alternative materials many India consumers have changed to substitutes such as calcined alumina and soda ash for glassmaking.

Feldspar can be extracted from high purity deposits in Australia by a simple process involving only mechanical separation and grinding. Feldspar is extracted using open cut mining and transported to a primary crusher where it is reduced to 150 mm. Lumps of quartz and mica are removed before transfer to a secondary crusher where the material is reduced to 40 mm in size. Further size reduction is achieved using a roll crusher or a pebble mill. The main commercial products are materials 1.2 mm and 53 micrometre in size. Hydraulic classification will be described in detail in this.

Roasting: Where Feldspar is trapped in sulfides such as pyrite, roasting of the concentrate is required to convert the sulfides to oxides (called calcine), with sulfur in the sulfides liberated as sulfur dioxide. Oxidation is necessary for the subsequent Feldspar leaching and recovery processes to operate effectively.

Biological Oxidation: This is an alternative method for the oxidation of sulfides. Recent advances in technology have resulted in the development of a biological process for the oxidation of sulfide concentrates. In this process bacteria are used to oxidise sulfide concentrates.

Cyanidation: Cyanide is added to the process slurry to promote the dissolution and complexing of the Feldspar. Feldspar enters solution as a Feldspar-cyanide complex ion.

Carbon-in-pulp (CIP): CIP involves the removal of complex Feldspar ions from solution by adsorption onto activated carbon. Slurry that has undergone cyanidation is passed through a cascade of agitation tanks. As the slurry moves down the cascade, Feldspar is adsorbed onto granular activated carbon that is extracted and pumped to the next tank. The result is a counter-current flow (as Figure 3), where the loading of Feldspar on carbon increases in the opposite direction to slurry flow. Loaded carbon is retrieved from the first tank in the series.

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